ci: enable Ruff B904 (#44121)

Co-authored-by: Codex <codex@openai.com>
Co-authored-by: hjlarry <hjlarry@163.com>

api/.ruff.toml

@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ select = [
 
 ignore = [
     "B901",    # allow return in yield
-    "B904",    # raise-without-from-inside-except
     "N815",    # mixed-case-variable-in-class-scope
     "SIM102",  # collapsible-if
     "SIM117",  # multiple-with-statements
@@ -84,4 +83,4 @@ msg = "Use Pydantic payload/query models instead of reqparse."
 msg = "Use Pydantic payload/query models instead of reqparse."
 
 [lint.isort]
-known-first-party = ["graphon"]
+known-first-party = ["graphon"]

api/commands/system.py

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def upgrade_db():
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Failed to execute database migration")
             click.echo(click.style(f"Database migration failed: {e}", fg="red"))
-            raise SystemExit(1)
+            raise SystemExit(1) from e
         finally:
             status = "successful" if migration_succeeded else "failed"
             lock.release_safely(status=status)

api/configs/remote_settings_sources/nacos/__init__.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class NacosSettingsSource(RemoteSettingsSource):
         try:
             return parse_config(content)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to parse config: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to parse config: {e}") from e
 
     @override
     def get_field_value(self, field: FieldInfo, field_name: str) -> tuple[Any, str, bool]:

api/controllers/console/app/audio.py

@@ -153,27 +153,27 @@ def _transcribe_audio_to_text(
                 end_user=None,
             )
         return dump_response(AudioTranscriptResponse, response)
-    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
         logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-        raise AppUnavailableError()
-    except NoAudioUploadedServiceError:
-        raise NoAudioUploadedError()
+        raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+    except NoAudioUploadedServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise NoAudioUploadedError() from caught_error
     except AudioTooLargeServiceError as e:
-        raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e))
-    except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError:
-        raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError()
-    except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError:
-        raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError()
-    except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError:
-        raise SpeechToTextDisabledError()
+        raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e)) from e
+    except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError() from caught_error
+    except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError() from caught_error
+    except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise SpeechToTextDisabledError() from caught_error
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
     except HTTPException:
         raise
     except ValueError:
@@ -314,19 +314,19 @@ def _text_to_speech(*, payload: TextToSpeechPayload, app_model: App, session: Se
             message_ref=message_ref,
             is_draft=True,
         )
-    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
         logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-        raise AppUnavailableError()
-    except ProviderNotSupportTextToSpeechServiceError:
-        raise ProviderNotSupportTextToSpeechError()
+        raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+    except ProviderNotSupportTextToSpeechServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderNotSupportTextToSpeechError() from caught_error
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
     except HTTPException:
         raise
     except ValueError:
@@ -431,18 +431,18 @@ def _get_text_to_speech_voices(*, tenant_id: str, language: str):
 
         return dump_response(TextToSpeechVoiceListResponse, response)
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
     except ValueError as e:
         raise e
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.exception("Failed to handle get request to TextModesApi")
-        raise InternalServerError()
+        raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/text-to-audio/voices")

api/controllers/console/app/completion.py

@@ -188,26 +188,26 @@ class CompletionMessageApi(Resource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/completion-messages/<string:task_id>/stop")
@@ -567,30 +567,30 @@ def _generate_chat_message(
             invoke_from=InvokeFrom.DEBUGGER,
             streaming=streaming,
         )
-    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-        raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-        raise ConversationCompletedError()
-    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+        raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
         logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-        raise AppUnavailableError()
+        raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
     except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-        raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+        raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
     except CompletionRequestError:
         raise
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
     except ValueError as e:
         raise e
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.exception("internal server error.")
-        raise InternalServerError()
+        raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 def _generate_chat_message_response(

api/controllers/console/app/conversation.py

@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ class CompletionConversationDetailApi(Resource):
 
         try:
             ConversationService.delete(app_model, conversation_id_str, current_user, session=session)
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return "", 204
 
@@ -385,8 +385,8 @@ class ChatConversationDetailApi(Resource):
 
         try:
             ConversationService.delete(app_model, conversation_id_str, current_user, session=session)
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return "", 204
 

api/controllers/console/app/generator.py

@@ -277,13 +277,13 @@ class RuleGenerateApi(Resource):
         try:
             rules = LLMGenerator.generate_rule_config(tenant_id=current_tenant_id, args=req_data)
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
 
         return dump_response(RuleGenerateResponse, rules)
 
@@ -313,13 +313,13 @@ class RuleCodeGenerateApi(Resource):
                 args=req_data,
             )
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
 
         return code_result
 
@@ -353,13 +353,13 @@ class RuleStructuredOutputGenerateApi(Resource):
                 args=req_data,
             )
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
 
         return structured_output
 
@@ -466,13 +466,13 @@ class InstructionGenerateApi(Resource):
                 )
             return {"error": "incompatible parameters"}, 400
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/instruction-generate/template")
@@ -578,13 +578,13 @@ class WorkflowGenerateApi(Resource):
                 else None,
             )
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
 
         return dump_response(WorkflowGenerateResponse, result)
 

api/controllers/console/app/message.py

@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ def _list_chat_messages(
                 user=current_user,
                 session=session,
             )
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
     else:
         conversation = session.scalar(
             select(Conversation)
@@ -529,25 +529,25 @@ def _get_message_suggested_questions(
         raise AppUnavailableError() from exc
     except SuggestedQuestionsActorNotFoundError as exc:
         raise Unauthorized("Account no longer exists") from exc
-    except MessageNotExistsError:
-        raise NotFound("Message not found")
-    except ConversationNotExistsError:
-        raise NotFound("Conversation not found")
+    except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("Message not found") from caught_error
+    except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("Conversation not found") from caught_error
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
-    except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError:
-        raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError()
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
+    except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError as caught_error:
+        raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError() from caught_error
     except HTTPException:
         raise
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as caught_error:
         logger.exception("internal server error.")
-        raise InternalServerError()
+        raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
     return dump_response(SuggestedQuestionsResponse, {"data": questions})
 

api/controllers/console/app/workflow.py

@@ -660,8 +660,8 @@ class DraftWorkflowApi(Resource):
         elif "text/plain" in content_type:
             try:
                 args_model = SyncDraftWorkflowPayload.model_validate_json(request.data)
-            except (ValueError, ValidationError):
-                raise InvalidArgumentError("Invalid JSON data")
+            except (ValueError, ValidationError) as caught_error:
+                raise InvalidArgumentError("Invalid JSON data") from caught_error
         else:
             abort(415)
 
@@ -703,10 +703,10 @@ class DraftWorkflowApi(Resource):
                 preserve_environment_variables=True,
                 graph_only=args_model.is_collaborative,
             )
-        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError:
-            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync()
+        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError as caught_error:
+            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync() from caught_error
         except VariableError as e:
-            raise InvalidArgumentError(description=str(e))
+            raise InvalidArgumentError(description=str(e)) from e
 
         return dump_response(
             SyncDraftWorkflowResponse,
@@ -758,17 +758,17 @@ class AdvancedChatDraftWorkflowRunApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/advanced-chat/workflows/draft/iteration/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -809,15 +809,15 @@ class AdvancedChatDraftRunIterationNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/workflows/draft/iteration/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -858,15 +858,15 @@ class WorkflowDraftRunIterationNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/advanced-chat/workflows/draft/loop/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -902,15 +902,15 @@ class AdvancedChatDraftRunLoopNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/workflows/draft/loop/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -950,15 +950,15 @@ class WorkflowDraftRunLoopNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 class HumanInputFormPreviewPayload(BaseModel):
@@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ class DraftWorkflowRunApi(Resource):
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/apps/<uuid:app_id>/workflow-runs/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")
@@ -1421,8 +1421,8 @@ class DefaultBlockConfigApi(Resource):
         if args.q:
             try:
                 filters = json.loads(args.q)
-            except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                raise ValueError("Invalid filters")
+            except json.JSONDecodeError as caught_error:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid filters") from caught_error
 
         # Get default block configs
         workflow_service = WorkflowService()
@@ -1674,7 +1674,7 @@ class WorkflowByIdApi(Resource):
             except DraftWorkflowDeletionError as e:
                 abort(400, description=str(e))
             except ValueError as e:
-                raise NotFound(str(e))
+                raise NotFound(str(e)) from e
 
         WorkflowAgentRetirementService.retire_unowned(
             tenant_id=app_model.tenant_id,
@@ -1781,7 +1781,7 @@ class DraftWorkflowTriggerRunApi(Resource):
                 )
             )
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except PluginInvokeError as e:
             return jsonable_encoder({"status": "error", "error": e.to_user_friendly_error()}), 400
         except Exception as e:
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@ class DraftWorkflowTriggerRunAllApi(Resource):
             )
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("Error running draft workflow trigger run-all")
             return jsonable_encoder(

api/controllers/console/datasets/hit_testing_base.py

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class DatasetsHitTestingBase:
         try:
             DatasetService.check_dataset_permission(dataset, current_user, session)
         except services.errors.base.NoPermissionError as e:
-            raise Forbidden(str(e))
+            raise Forbidden(str(e)) from e
 
         return dataset
 
@@ -140,23 +140,23 @@ class DatasetsHitTestingBase:
                 "query": {"content": query["content"]},
                 "records": DatasetsHitTestingBase._prepare_hit_testing_records(response.get("records", [])),
             }
-        except services.errors.index.IndexNotInitializedError:
-            raise DatasetNotInitializedError()
+        except services.errors.index.IndexNotInitializedError as caught_error:
+            raise DatasetNotInitializedError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
-        except LLMBadRequestError:
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
+        except LLMBadRequestError as caught_error:
             raise ProviderNotInitializeError(
                 "No Embedding Model or Reranking Model available. Please configure a valid provider "
                 "in the Settings -> Model Provider."
-            )
+            ) from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise ValueError(str(e))
-        except Exception:
+            raise ValueError(str(e)) from e
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Hit testing failed.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e

api/controllers/console/datasets/rag_pipeline/datasource_auth.py

@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ class DatasourceAuth(Resource):
                 name=req_data.name,
             )
         except CredentialsValidateFailedError as ex:
-            raise ValueError(str(ex))
+            raise ValueError(str(ex)) from ex
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json"), 200
 
     @console_ns.response(

api/controllers/console/datasets/rag_pipeline/rag_pipeline_datasets.py

@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ class CreateRagPipelineDatasetApi(Resource):
                     db.session(),
                 )
             db.session.commit()
-        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetNameDuplicateError:
-            raise DatasetNameDuplicateError()
+        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetNameDuplicateError as caught_error:
+            raise DatasetNameDuplicateError() from caught_error
 
         if dify_config.RBAC_ENABLED and dataset_id is not None:
             enterprise_rbac_service.RBACService.DatasetAccess.replace_whitelist(

api/controllers/console/datasets/rag_pipeline/rag_pipeline_workflow.py

@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ class DraftRagPipelineApi(Resource):
         elif "text/plain" in content_type:
             try:
                 payload = DraftWorkflowSyncPayload.model_validate_json(request.data)
-            except (ValueError, ValidationError):
-                raise InvalidArgumentError("Invalid JSON data")
+            except (ValueError, ValidationError) as caught_error:
+                raise InvalidArgumentError("Invalid JSON data") from caught_error
         else:
             abort(415)
         rag_pipeline_service = RagPipelineService(db.session())
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ class DraftRagPipelineApi(Resource):
                 conversation_variables=conversation_variables,
                 rag_pipeline_variables=payload.rag_pipeline_variables or [],
             )
-        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError:
-            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync()
+        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError as caught_error:
+            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync() from caught_error
 
         return {
             "result": "success",
@@ -342,15 +342,15 @@ class RagPipelineDraftRunIterationNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logging.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/rag/pipelines/<uuid:pipeline_id>/workflows/draft/loop/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -383,15 +383,15 @@ class RagPipelineDraftRunLoopNodeApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logging.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/rag/pipelines/<uuid:pipeline_id>/workflows/draft/run")
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class DraftRagPipelineRunApi(Resource):
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/rag/pipelines/<uuid:pipeline_id>/workflows/published/run")
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class PublishedRagPipelineRunApi(Resource):
 
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/rag/pipelines/<uuid:pipeline_id>/workflows/published/datasource/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -697,8 +697,8 @@ class DefaultRagPipelineBlockConfigApi(Resource):
         if req_data.q:
             try:
                 filters = json.loads(req_data.q)
-            except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                raise ValueError("Invalid filters")
+            except json.JSONDecodeError as caught_error:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid filters") from caught_error
 
         # Get default block configs
         rag_pipeline_service = RagPipelineService(db.session())
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ class RagPipelineByIdApi(Resource):
             except DraftWorkflowDeletionError as e:
                 abort(400, description=str(e))
             except ValueError as e:
-                raise NotFound(str(e))
+                raise NotFound(str(e)) from e
 
         WorkflowAgentRetirementService.retire_unowned(
             tenant_id=pipeline.tenant_id,

api/controllers/console/datasets/website.py

@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ class WebsiteCrawlApi(Resource):
         try:
             api_request = WebsiteCrawlApiRequest.from_args(req_data.model_dump())
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e))
+            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e)) from e
 
         # Crawl URL using typed request
         try:
             result = WebsiteService(providers=application_services().data_sources.providers).crawl_url(api_request)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e))
+            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e)) from e
         return result, 200
 
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class WebsiteCrawlStatusApi(Resource):
         try:
             api_request = WebsiteCrawlStatusApiRequest.from_args(req_data.model_dump(), job_id)
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e))
+            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e)) from e
 
         # Get crawl status using typed request
         try:
@@ -84,5 +84,5 @@ class WebsiteCrawlStatusApi(Resource):
                 api_request
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e))
+            raise WebsiteCrawlError(str(e)) from e
         return result, 200

api/controllers/console/explore/completion.py

@@ -123,26 +123,26 @@ class CompletionApi(Resource):
             raise NotFoundError("Installed app not found") from None
         except AccountNotFoundError:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from None
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route(
@@ -213,28 +213,28 @@ class ChatApi(Resource):
             raise NotFoundError("Installed app not found") from None
         except AccountNotFoundError:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from None
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route(

api/controllers/console/explore/saved_message.py

@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class SavedMessageListApi(Resource):
                 actor=SavedMessageActor.account(request_context.account_id),
                 message_id=str(req_data.message_id),
             )
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Message Not Exists.")
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return ResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 

api/controllers/console/explore/trial.py

@@ -585,20 +585,20 @@ class TrialAppWorkflowRunApi(Resource):
         except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as error:
             raise AppUnavailableError() from error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except (AppInvokeQuotaExceededError, InvokeRateLimitError) as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/trial-apps/<uuid:app_id>/workflows/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")
@@ -661,30 +661,30 @@ class TrialChatApi(Resource):
             raise AppUnavailableError() from error
         except AccountNotFoundError as error:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from error
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except (AgentAppGeneratorError, AgentAppNotPublishedError):
             raise AppUnavailableError() from None
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except (AppInvokeQuotaExceededError, InvokeRateLimitError) as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route(
@@ -742,23 +742,23 @@ class TrialMessageSuggestedQuestionApi(Resource):
             raise AppUnavailableError() from error
         except SuggestedQuestionsActorNotFoundError as error:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from error
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Message not found")
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Conversation not found")
-        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError:
-            raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError()
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Message not found") from caught_error
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Conversation not found") from caught_error
+        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError as caught_error:
+            raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
-        except Exception:
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
         return dump_response(SuggestedQuestionsResponse, {"data": questions})
 
@@ -920,28 +920,28 @@ class TrialCompletionApi(Resource):
             raise AppUnavailableError() from error
         except AccountNotFoundError as error:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from error
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except (AppInvokeQuotaExceededError, InvokeRateLimitError) as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/trial-apps/<uuid:app_id>/site")

api/controllers/console/explore/workflow.py

@@ -80,20 +80,20 @@ class InstalledAppWorkflowRunApi(Resource):
         except AccountNotFoundError:
             raise UnauthorizedError("Account no longer exists.") from None
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/installed-apps/<uuid:installed_app_id>/workflows/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/console/snippets/snippet_workflow.py

@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ class SnippetDraftWorkflowApi(Resource):
                 account=current_user,
                 input_fields=req_data.input_fields,
             )
-        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError:
-            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync()
+        except WorkflowHashNotEqualError as caught_error:
+            raise DraftWorkflowNotSync() from caught_error
         except ValueError as e:
             raise InvalidArgumentError(str(e)) from e
 
@@ -502,11 +502,11 @@ class SnippetWorkflowByIdApi(Resource):
                     workflow_id=workflow_id,
                 )
             except WorkflowInUseError as e:
-                raise BadRequest(str(e))
+                raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
             except DraftWorkflowDeletionError as e:
-                raise BadRequest(str(e))
+                raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
             except ValueError as e:
-                raise NotFound(str(e))
+                raise NotFound(str(e)) from e
 
         return None, 204
 
@@ -745,9 +745,9 @@ class SnippetDraftRunIterationNodeApi(Resource):
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/snippets/<uuid:snippet_id>/workflows/draft/loop/nodes/<string:node_id>/run")
@@ -796,9 +796,9 @@ class SnippetDraftRunLoopNodeApi(Resource):
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/snippets/<uuid:snippet_id>/workflows/draft/run")
@@ -840,9 +840,9 @@ class SnippetDraftWorkflowRunApi(Resource):
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @console_ns.route("/snippets/<uuid:snippet_id>/workflow-runs/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/console/workspace/model_providers.py

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class ModelProviderCredentialApi(Resource):
                 credential_name=args.name,
             )
         except CredentialsValidateFailedError as ex:
-            raise ValueError(str(ex))
+            raise ValueError(str(ex)) from ex
 
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json"), 201
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class ModelProviderCredentialApi(Resource):
                 credential_name=args.name,
             )
         except CredentialsValidateFailedError as ex:
-            raise ValueError(str(ex))
+            raise ValueError(str(ex)) from ex
 
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 

api/controllers/console/workspace/models.py

@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class ModelProviderModelCredentialApi(Resource):
                 req_data.model,
                 req_data.model_type,
             )
-            raise ValueError(str(ex))
+            raise ValueError(str(ex)) from ex
 
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json"), 201
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ class ModelProviderModelCredentialApi(Resource):
                 credential_name=req_data.name,
             )
         except CredentialsValidateFailedError as ex:
-            raise ValueError(str(ex))
+            raise ValueError(str(ex)) from ex
 
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 

api/controllers/console/workspace/plugin.py

@@ -624,8 +624,8 @@ class PluginCategoryListApi(Resource):
 
         try:
             plugin_category = PluginCategory(category)
-        except ValueError:
-            raise InvalidArgumentError("invalid plugin category")
+        except ValueError as caught_error:
+            raise InvalidArgumentError("invalid plugin category") from caught_error
 
         try:
             plugins = PluginService.list_by_category(
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ class PluginUploadFromBundleApi(Resource):
         try:
             response = PluginService.upload_bundle(tenant_id, content)
         except PluginDaemonClientSideError as e:
-            raise ValueError(e)
+            raise ValueError(e) from e
 
         return jsonable_encoder(response)
 

api/controllers/console/workspace/trigger_providers.py

@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ class TriggerSubscriptionUpdateApi(Resource):
             )
             return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise BadRequest(str(e))
+            raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Error updating subscription", exc_info=e)
             raise
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ class TriggerSubscriptionDeleteApi(Resource):
                 )
             return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise BadRequest(str(e))
+            raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Error deleting provider credential", exc_info=e)
             raise
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ class TriggerOAuthClientManageApi(Resource):
             return dump_response(SimpleResultResponse, result)
 
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise BadRequest(str(e))
+            raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Error configuring OAuth client", exc_info=e)
             raise
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ class TriggerOAuthClientManageApi(Resource):
             )
             return dump_response(SimpleResultResponse, result)
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise BadRequest(str(e))
+            raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Error removing OAuth client", exc_info=e)
             raise

api/controllers/files/appdeploy_files.py

@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ class GrantedRemoteFileUploadApi(Resource):
             raise FileTooLargeError(exc.description) from exc
         except services.errors.file.BlockedFileExtensionError as exc:
             raise BlockedFileExtensionError(exc.description) from exc
-        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError:
-            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError()
+        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError as caught_error:
+            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError() from caught_error
         return _remote_granted_file_response(upload_file), 201
 
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class ProducedFileApi(Resource):
                 mimetype=upload.mimetype,
             )
         except services.errors.file.FileTooLargeError as exc:
-            raise FileTooLargeError(exc.description)
+            raise FileTooLargeError(exc.description) from exc
         except EndUserNotFoundError as exc:
             raise GrantedFileNotFoundError() from exc
 
@@ -354,11 +354,11 @@ def _store_upload(
     except EndUserNotFoundError as exc:
         raise GrantedFileNotFoundError() from exc
     except services.errors.file.FileTooLargeError as exc:
-        raise FileTooLargeError(exc.description)
+        raise FileTooLargeError(exc.description) from exc
     except services.errors.file.BlockedFileExtensionError as exc:
         raise BlockedFileExtensionError(exc.description) from exc
-    except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError:
-        raise UnsupportedFileTypeError()
+    except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError as caught_error:
+        raise UnsupportedFileTypeError() from caught_error
 
 
 def _grant_context(grant: FileGrantClaims) -> FileGrantContext:

api/controllers/mcp/mcp.py

@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class MCPAppApi(Resource):
         try:
             return self._convert_user_input_form(raw_user_input_form)
         except ValidationError as e:
-            raise MCPRequestError(mcp_types.INVALID_PARAMS, f"Invalid user_input_form: {str(e)}")
+            raise MCPRequestError(mcp_types.INVALID_PARAMS, f"Invalid user_input_form: {str(e)}") from e
 
     def _convert_user_input_form(self, raw_form: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[VariableEntity]:
         """Convert raw user input form to VariableEntity objects"""

api/controllers/openapi/app_run.py

@@ -99,41 +99,41 @@ def _translate_service_errors() -> Generator[None]:
     try:
         yield
     except WorkflowNotFoundError as ex:
-        raise NotFound(str(ex))
+        raise NotFound(str(ex)) from ex
     except (IsDraftWorkflowError, WorkflowIdFormatError) as ex:
-        raise BadRequest(str(ex))
-    except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError:
-        raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError()
-    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-        raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-        raise ConversationCompletedError()
-    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        raise BadRequest(str(ex)) from ex
+    except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError as caught_error:
+        raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError() from caught_error
+    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+    except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+        raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+    except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
         logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-        raise AppUnavailableError()
+        raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-    except QuotaExceededError:
-        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
-    except AppInvokeQuotaExceededError:
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+    except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+    except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+        raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
+    except AppInvokeQuotaExceededError as caught_error:
         # App concurrency limit. Without this it falls through to the bare `except Exception`
         # below and surfaces as a 500. Render as the canonical 429 (code "too_many_requests");
         # the source message is dropped since it carries internal detail (client_id / limits).
-        raise TooManyRequests()
+        raise TooManyRequests() from caught_error
     except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-        raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+        raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
     except InvokeError as e:
-        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
-    except ValueError:
+        raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
+    except ValueError as caught_error:
         logger.warning("run input refused by the service.", exc_info=True)
-        raise BadRequest(_INVALID_RUN_INPUT)
+        raise BadRequest(_INVALID_RUN_INPUT) from caught_error
     except HTTPException:
         raise
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as caught_error:
         logger.exception("internal server error.")
-        raise InternalServerError()
+        raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 _RUN_GUARDS: Final = (

api/controllers/openapi/app_workflow.py

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ def _require_uuid(value: str, *, not_found: type[OpenApiError]) -> str:
     a UUID-typed database column and fail as a 500."""
     try:
         return str(UUID(value))
-    except ValueError:
-        raise not_found()
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise not_found() from e
 
 
 def _require_run(ctx: Context, run_id: str) -> WorkflowRun:

api/controllers/openapi/auth/loaders.py

@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ def load_workspace_role(ctx: Context) -> TenantAccountRole:
 def _path_param(ctx: Context, name: str) -> str:
     try:
         return ctx.view_args[name]
-    except KeyError:
+    except KeyError as caught_error:
         raise RouteContractError(
             f"{name} is not a path parameter of this route: the requirement asking for it does not belong here"
-        )
+        ) from caught_error
 
 
 def _fetch_app(ctx: Context) -> App:
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ def _fetch_app(ctx: Context) -> App:
     try:
         # Canonical dashed form, so a bare-hex path parameter names the same app.
         app_id = str(uuid.UUID(raw))
-    except ValueError:
-        raise NotFound("app not found")
+    except ValueError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("app not found") from caught_error
     app = AppService.get_app_by_id(app_id, ctx.session)
     if not app or app.status != AppStatus.NORMAL:
         raise NotFound("app not found")
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ def _workspace_from_request(ctx: Context) -> Tenant:
         raise NotFound("workspace not found")
     try:
         uuid.UUID(workspace_id)
-    except ValueError:
-        raise NotFound("workspace not found")
+    except ValueError as caught_error:
+        raise NotFound("workspace not found") from caught_error
     tenant = application_services().workspaces.identity.get_workspace(workspace_id)
     if tenant is None or tenant.status == TenantStatus.ARCHIVE:
         raise NotFound("workspace not found")

api/controllers/openapi/auth/router.py

@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ class AuthRouter:
 
         try:
             auth = authenticate_resource_token(token) if is_resource_token else get_authenticator().authenticate(token)
-        except InvalidBearerError:
+        except InvalidBearerError as caught_error:
             # One answer for every rejection reason - unknown prefix, no live row,
             # expired - so a caller cannot probe which one it hit. Same reasoning as
             # the 404-not-403 elsewhere on this surface.
-            raise Unauthorized("invalid bearer")
+            raise Unauthorized("invalid bearer") from caught_error
         subject = subject_from_auth(auth)
         pipeline = pipeline_for_subject(subject)
 

api/controllers/openapi/human_input_form.py

@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ class OpenApiWorkflowHumanInputFormSubmitApi(Resource):
                 submission_user_id=submission_user_id,
                 submission_end_user_id=submission_end_user_id,
             )
-        except FormNotFoundError:
-            raise HumanInputFormNotFound()
+        except FormNotFoundError as caught_error:
+            raise HumanInputFormNotFound() from caught_error
 
         if form.workflow_run_id is None:
             return FormSubmitResponse()

api/controllers/openapi/workspaces.py

@@ -173,15 +173,15 @@ class WorkspaceMembersApi(Resource):
                 role=body.role,
             )
         except AccountAlreadyInTenantError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except InvalidWorkspaceMemberRoleError as exc:
             raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except NoPermissionError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
-        except SeatsLimitExceededError:
-            raise BadRequest("licensed seats limit exceeded")
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
+        except SeatsLimitExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise BadRequest("licensed seats limit exceeded") from caught_error
         except AccountRegisterError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
 
         return _invitation_response(invitation)
 
@@ -217,11 +217,11 @@ class WorkspaceMemberApi(Resource):
         except AccountNotFoundError:
             raise NotFound("member not found") from None
         except CannotOperateSelfError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except NoPermissionError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except MemberNotInTenantError as exc:
-            raise NotFound(str(exc))
+            raise NotFound(str(exc)) from exc
 
         return MemberActionResponse()
 
@@ -252,13 +252,13 @@ class WorkspaceMemberApi(Resource):
         except AccountNotFoundError:
             raise NotFound("member not found") from None
         except CannotOperateSelfError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except NoPermissionError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except MemberNotInTenantError as exc:
-            raise NotFound(str(exc))
+            raise NotFound(str(exc)) from exc
         except RoleAlreadyAssignedError as exc:
-            raise BadRequest(str(exc))
+            raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
         except InvalidWorkspaceMemberRoleError as exc:
             raise BadRequest(str(exc)) from exc
 

api/controllers/service_api/app/audio.py

@@ -129,32 +129,32 @@ class AudioApi(Resource):
             )
 
             return dump_response(AudioTranscriptResponse, response)
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except NoAudioUploadedServiceError:
-            raise NoAudioUploadedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except NoAudioUploadedServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise NoAudioUploadedError() from caught_error
         except AudioTooLargeServiceError as e:
-            raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e))
-        except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError:
-            raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError()
-        except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError:
-            raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError()
-        except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError:
-            raise SpeechToTextDisabledError()
+            raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e)) from e
+        except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError() from caught_error
+        except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError() from caught_error
+        except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise SpeechToTextDisabledError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 register_schema_model(service_api_ns, TextToAudioPayload)
@@ -231,19 +231,19 @@ class TextApi(Resource):
                 end_user=end_user.external_user_id,
                 message_ref=message_ref,
             )
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e

api/controllers/service_api/app/completion.py

@@ -262,28 +262,28 @@ class CompletionApi(Resource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except AgentAppNotPublishedError:
-            raise AgentNotPublishedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except AgentAppNotPublishedError as caught_error:
+            raise AgentNotPublishedError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/completion-messages/<string:task_id>/stop")
@@ -453,35 +453,35 @@ class ChatApi(Resource):
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except WorkflowNotFoundError as ex:
-            raise NotFound(str(ex))
+            raise NotFound(str(ex)) from ex
         except IsDraftWorkflowError as ex:
-            raise BadRequest(str(ex))
+            raise BadRequest(str(ex)) from ex
         except WorkflowIdFormatError as ex:
-            raise BadRequest(str(ex))
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+            raise BadRequest(str(ex)) from ex
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except AgentAppNotPublishedError:
-            raise AgentNotPublishedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except AgentAppNotPublishedError as caught_error:
+            raise AgentNotPublishedError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/chat-messages/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/service_api/app/conversation.py

@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ class ConversationApi(Resource):
                 return ConversationInfiniteScrollPagination(
                     limit=pagination.limit, has_more=pagination.has_more, data=conversations
                 ).model_dump(mode="json")
-        except services.errors.conversation.LastConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Last Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.LastConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Last Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/conversations/<uuid:conversation_id>")
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ class ConversationDetailApi(Resource):
 
         try:
             ConversationService.delete(app_model, conversation_id_str, end_user, session=db.session())
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
         return "", 204
 
 
@@ -312,8 +312,8 @@ class ConversationRenameApi(Resource):
                 app_model, conversation_id_str, end_user, payload.name, payload.auto_generate, session=session
             )
             return dump_response(SimpleConversation, ConversationResponseSource(conversation, session=session))
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/conversations/<uuid:conversation_id>/variables")
@@ -373,8 +373,8 @@ class ConversationVariablesApi(Resource):
                 session=db.session(),
             )
             return dump_response(ConversationVariableInfiniteScrollPaginationResponse, pagination)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/conversations/<uuid:conversation_id>/variables/<uuid:variable_id>")
@@ -439,9 +439,9 @@ class ConversationVariableDetailApi(Resource):
                 app_model, conversation_id_str, variable_id_str, end_user, payload.value, session=db.session()
             )
             return dump_response(ConversationVariableResponse, variable)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationVariableNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Variable Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationVariableNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Variable Not Exists.") from caught_error
         except services.errors.conversation.ConversationVariableTypeMismatchError as e:
-            raise BadRequest(str(e))
+            raise BadRequest(str(e)) from e

api/controllers/service_api/app/human_input_form.py

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class WorkflowHumanInputFormApi(Resource):
                 form_data=payload.inputs,
                 submission_end_user_id=end_user.id,
             )
-        except FormNotFoundError:
-            raise NotFound("Form not found")
+        except FormNotFoundError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Form not found") from caught_error
 
         return {}, 200

api/controllers/service_api/app/message.py

@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ class MessageListApi(Resource):
             return MessageInfiniteScrollPagination(
                 limit=pagination.limit, has_more=pagination.has_more, data=items
             ).model_dump(mode="json")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except FirstMessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("First Message Not Exists.")
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except FirstMessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("First Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/messages/<uuid:message_id>/feedbacks")
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ class MessageFeedbackApi(Resource):
                 content=payload.content,
                 session=db.session(),
             )
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.")
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return ResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 
@@ -278,12 +278,12 @@ class MessageSuggestedApi(Resource):
                 invoke_from=InvokeFrom.SERVICE_API,
                 session=db.session(),
             )
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.")
-        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError:
-            raise BadRequest("Suggested Questions Is Disabled.")
-        except Exception:
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError as caught_error:
+            raise BadRequest("Suggested Questions Is Disabled.") from caught_error
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
         return SimpleResultStringListResponse(result="success", data=questions).model_dump(mode="json")

api/controllers/service_api/app/workflow.py

@@ -383,23 +383,23 @@ class WorkflowRunApi(Resource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError:
-            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError()
+        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/workflows/<string:workflow_id>/run")
@@ -525,29 +525,29 @@ class WorkflowRunByIdApi(Resource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError:
-            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError()
+        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except WorkflowNotFoundError as ex:
-            raise NotFound(str(ex))
+            raise NotFound(str(ex)) from ex
         except IsDraftWorkflowError as ex:
-            raise BadRequest(str(ex))
+            raise BadRequest(str(ex)) from ex
         except WorkflowIdFormatError as ex:
-            raise BadRequest(str(ex))
+            raise BadRequest(str(ex)) from ex
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/workflows/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/service_api/dataset/dataset.py

@@ -556,8 +556,8 @@ class DatasetListApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 retrieval_model=payload.retrieval_model,
                 summary_index_setting=payload.summary_index_setting,
             )
-        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetNameDuplicateError:
-            raise DatasetNameDuplicateError()
+        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetNameDuplicateError as caught_error:
+            raise DatasetNameDuplicateError() from caught_error
 
         if dify_config.RBAC_ENABLED:
             enterprise_rbac_service.RBACService.DatasetAccess.replace_whitelist(
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ class DatasetApi(DatasetApiResource):
         try:
             DatasetService.check_dataset_permission(dataset, current_user, session)
         except services.errors.base.NoPermissionError as e:
-            raise Forbidden(str(e))
+            raise Forbidden(str(e)) from e
         data = _dump_service_dataset_detail(load_dataset_detail(dataset, session=session))
         # check embedding setting
         assert isinstance(current_user, Account)
@@ -792,8 +792,8 @@ class DatasetApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 return "", 204
             else:
                 raise NotFound("Dataset not found.")
-        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetInUseError:
-            raise DatasetInUseError()
+        except services.errors.dataset.DatasetInUseError as caught_error:
+            raise DatasetInUseError() from caught_error
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/datasets/<uuid:dataset_id>/documents/status/<string:action>")
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ class DocumentStatusApi(DatasetApiResource):
         try:
             DatasetService.check_dataset_permission(dataset, current_user, session)
         except services.errors.base.NoPermissionError as e:
-            raise Forbidden(str(e))
+            raise Forbidden(str(e)) from e
 
         # Check dataset model setting
         DatasetService.check_dataset_model_setting(dataset)
@@ -882,9 +882,9 @@ class DocumentStatusApi(DatasetApiResource):
         try:
             DocumentService.batch_update_document_status(dataset, document_ids, action, current_user, session)
         except services.errors.document.DocumentIndexingError as e:
-            raise InvalidActionError(str(e))
+            raise InvalidActionError(str(e)) from e
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise InvalidActionError(str(e))
+            raise InvalidActionError(str(e)) from e
 
         return SimpleResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json"), 200
 

api/controllers/service_api/dataset/document.py

@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def _create_document_by_text(session: Session, tenant_id: str, dataset_id: UUID)
             session=session,
         )
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
     document = documents[0]
 
     return document, batch
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def _update_document_by_text(
             session=session,
         )
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
     document = documents[0]
 
     return document, batch
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class DocumentAddByFileApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 default_file_size_limit=FeatureService.get_knowledge_file_size_limit(tenant_id),
             )
         except services.errors.file.FileTooLargeError as file_too_large_error:
-            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description)
+            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description) from file_too_large_error
         data_source = {
             "type": "upload_file",
             "info_list": {"data_source_type": "upload_file", "file_info_list": {"file_ids": [upload_file.id]}},
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ class DocumentAddByFileApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 session=session,
             )
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
         document = documents[0]
         return _document_and_batch_response(document, batch, session=session), 200
 
@@ -910,9 +910,9 @@ def _update_document_by_file(
                 default_file_size_limit=FeatureService.get_knowledge_file_size_limit(tenant_id),
             )
         except services.errors.file.FileTooLargeError as file_too_large_error:
-            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description)
-        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError:
-            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError()
+            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description) from file_too_large_error
+        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError as caught_error:
+            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError() from caught_error
         data_source = {
             "type": "upload_file",
             "info_list": {"data_source_type": "upload_file", "file_info_list": {"file_ids": [upload_file.id]}},
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ def _update_document_by_file(
             session=session,
         )
     except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+        raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
     document = documents[0]
     return document, document.batch
 

api/controllers/service_api/dataset/rag_pipeline/rag_pipeline_workflow.py

@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ class PipelineRunApi(DatasetApiResource):
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
         except Exception as ex:
-            raise PipelineRunError(description=str(ex))
+            raise PipelineRunError(description=str(ex)) from ex
 
 
 @service_api_ns.route("/datasets/pipeline/file-upload")
@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ class KnowledgebasePipelineFileUploadApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 default_file_size_limit=FeatureService.get_knowledge_file_size_limit(tenant_id),
             )
         except services.errors.file.FileTooLargeError as file_too_large_error:
-            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description)
-        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError:
-            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError()
+            raise FileTooLargeError(file_too_large_error.description) from file_too_large_error
+        except services.errors.file.UnsupportedFileTypeError as caught_error:
+            raise UnsupportedFileTypeError() from caught_error
 
         return dump_response(PipelineUploadFileResponse, upload_file), 201

api/controllers/service_api/dataset/segment.py

@@ -219,12 +219,12 @@ class SegmentApi(DatasetApiResource):
                     model_type=ModelType.TEXT_EMBEDDING,
                     model=dataset.embedding_model,
                 )
-            except LLMBadRequestError:
+            except LLMBadRequestError as caught_error:
                 raise ProviderNotInitializeError(
                     "No Embedding Model available. Please configure a valid provider in the Settings -> Model Provider."
-                )
+                ) from caught_error
             except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
         # validate args
         try:
             payload = SegmentCreatePayload.model_validate(service_api_ns.payload or {})
@@ -319,12 +319,12 @@ class SegmentApi(DatasetApiResource):
                     model_type=ModelType.TEXT_EMBEDDING,
                     model=dataset.embedding_model,
                 )
-            except LLMBadRequestError:
+            except LLMBadRequestError as caught_error:
                 raise ProviderNotInitializeError(
                     "No Embedding Model available. Please configure a valid provider in the Settings -> Model Provider."
-                )
+                ) from caught_error
             except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
 
         segments, total = SegmentService.get_segments(
             session=session,
@@ -461,12 +461,12 @@ class DatasetSegmentApi(DatasetApiResource):
                     model_type=ModelType.TEXT_EMBEDDING,
                     model=dataset.embedding_model,
                 )
-            except LLMBadRequestError:
+            except LLMBadRequestError as caught_error:
                 raise ProviderNotInitializeError(
                     "No Embedding Model available. Please configure a valid provider in the Settings -> Model Provider."
-                )
+                ) from caught_error
             except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
         segment_id_str = str(segment_id)
         _, segment = _get_segment_for_document(session, dataset, document, segment_id_str)
 
@@ -620,12 +620,12 @@ class ChildChunkApi(DatasetApiResource):
                     model_type=ModelType.TEXT_EMBEDDING,
                     model=dataset.embedding_model,
                 )
-            except LLMBadRequestError:
+            except LLMBadRequestError as caught_error:
                 raise ProviderNotInitializeError(
                     "No Embedding Model available. Please configure a valid provider in the Settings -> Model Provider."
-                )
+                ) from caught_error
             except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
+                raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
 
         try:
             child_chunk = SegmentService.create_child_chunk(
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ class ChildChunkApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 mutations=application_services().knowledge.segments.mutations,
             )
         except ChildChunkIndexingServiceError as e:
-            raise ChildChunkIndexingError(str(e))
+            raise ChildChunkIndexingError(str(e)) from e
 
         return dump_response(ChildChunkDetailResponse, {"data": child_chunk}), 200
 
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ class DatasetChildChunkApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 child_chunk, dataset, session, mutations=application_services().knowledge.segments.mutations
             )
         except ChildChunkDeleteIndexServiceError as e:
-            raise ChildChunkDeleteIndexError(str(e))
+            raise ChildChunkDeleteIndexError(str(e)) from e
 
         return "", 204
 
@@ -861,6 +861,6 @@ class DatasetChildChunkApi(DatasetApiResource):
                 mutations=application_services().knowledge.segments.mutations,
             )
         except ChildChunkIndexingServiceError as e:
-            raise ChildChunkIndexingError(str(e))
+            raise ChildChunkIndexingError(str(e)) from e
 
         return dump_response(ChildChunkDetailResponse, {"data": child_chunk}), 200

api/controllers/trigger/webhook.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def handle_webhook(webhook_id: str):
             }
         ), 429
     except ValueError as error:
-        raise NotFound(str(error))
+        raise NotFound(str(error)) from error
     except RequestEntityTooLarge:
         raise
     except Exception as e:
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def handle_webhook_debug(webhook_id: str):
         return jsonify(response_data), status_code
 
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise NotFound(str(e))
+        raise NotFound(str(e)) from e
     except RequestEntityTooLarge:
         raise
     except Exception:

api/controllers/web/audio.py

@@ -101,32 +101,32 @@ class AudioApi(WebApiResource):
             )
 
             return dump_response(AudioToTextResponse, response)
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except NoAudioUploadedServiceError:
-            raise NoAudioUploadedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except NoAudioUploadedServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise NoAudioUploadedError() from caught_error
         except AudioTooLargeServiceError as e:
-            raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e))
-        except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError:
-            raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError()
-        except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError:
-            raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError()
-        except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError:
-            raise SpeechToTextDisabledError()
+            raise AudioTooLargeError(str(e)) from e
+        except UnsupportedAudioTypeServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise UnsupportedAudioTypeError() from caught_error
+        except ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderNotSupportSpeechToTextError() from caught_error
+        except SpeechToTextDisabledServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise SpeechToTextDisabledError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Failed to handle post request to AudioApi")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/text-to-audio")
@@ -175,19 +175,19 @@ class TextApi(WebApiResource):
                 end_user=end_user.external_user_id,
                 message_ref=message_ref,
             )
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Failed to handle post request to TextApi")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e

api/controllers/web/completion.py

@@ -142,28 +142,28 @@ class CompletionApi(WebApiResource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except AgentAppNotPublishedError:
-            raise AgentNotPublishedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except AgentAppNotPublishedError as caught_error:
+            raise AgentNotPublishedError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/completion-messages/<string:task_id>/stop")
@@ -254,30 +254,30 @@ class ChatApi(WebApiResource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError:
-            raise ConversationCompletedError()
-        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError:
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except services.errors.conversation.ConversationCompletedError as caught_error:
+            raise ConversationCompletedError() from caught_error
+        except services.errors.app_model_config.AppModelConfigBrokenError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("App model config broken.")
-            raise AppUnavailableError()
-        except AgentAppNotPublishedError:
-            raise AgentNotPublishedError()
+            raise AppUnavailableError() from caught_error
+        except AgentAppNotPublishedError as caught_error:
+            raise AgentNotPublishedError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from e
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/chat-messages/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/web/conversation.py

@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ class ConversationListApi(WebApiResource):
                     has_more=pagination.has_more,
                     data=conversations,
                 ).model_dump(mode="json")
-        except LastConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Last Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except LastConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Last Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/conversations/<uuid:c_id>")
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ class ConversationApi(WebApiResource):
         conversation_id = str(c_id)
         try:
             ConversationService.delete(app_model, conversation_id, end_user, session=db.session())
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
         return "", 204
 
 
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ class ConversationRenameApi(WebApiResource):
                 .validate_python(ConversationResponseSource(conversation, session=session), from_attributes=True)
                 .model_dump(mode="json")
             )
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/conversations/<uuid:c_id>/pin")
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ class ConversationPinApi(WebApiResource):
 
         try:
             WebConversationService.pin(app_model, conversation_id, end_user, db.session())
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return ResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 

api/controllers/web/human_input_form.py

@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ class HumanInputFormUploadTokenApi(Resource):
 
         try:
             token = application_services().human_input_file_uploads.issue_upload_token(form_token)
-        except FormNotFoundError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Form not found")
+        except FormNotFoundError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Form not found") from caught_error
 
         return HumanInputUploadTokenResponse(
             upload_token=token.upload_token, expires_at=to_timestamp(token.expires_at)
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ class HumanInputFormApi(Resource):
                 form_data=payload.inputs,
                 submission_end_user_id=None,
             )
-        except FormNotFoundError:
-            raise NotFoundError("Form not found")
+        except FormNotFoundError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFoundError("Form not found") from caught_error
 
         return HumanInputFormSubmitResponse().model_dump(mode="json"), 200
 

api/controllers/web/message.py

@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ class MessageListApi(WebApiResource):
                 has_more=pagination.has_more,
                 data=items,
             ).model_dump(mode="json")
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.")
-        except FirstMessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("First Message Not Exists.")
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except FirstMessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("First Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/messages/<uuid:message_id>/feedbacks")
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ class MessageFeedbackApi(WebApiResource):
                 content=payload.content,
                 session=db.session(),
             )
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.")
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return ResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 
@@ -204,23 +204,23 @@ class MessageMoreLikeThisApi(WebApiResource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.")
-        except MoreLikeThisDisabledError:
-            raise AppMoreLikeThisDisabledError()
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
+        except MoreLikeThisDisabledError as caught_error:
+            raise AppMoreLikeThisDisabledError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/messages/<uuid:message_id>/suggested-questions")
@@ -263,22 +263,22 @@ class MessageSuggestedQuestionApi(WebApiResource):
                 session=db.session(),
             )
             # questions is a list of strings, not a list of Message objects
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message not found")
-        except ConversationNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Conversation not found")
-        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError:
-            raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError()
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message not found") from caught_error
+        except ConversationNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Conversation not found") from caught_error
+        except SuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError as caught_error:
+            raise AppSuggestedQuestionsAfterAnswerDisabledError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
-        except Exception:
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
         return SuggestedQuestionsResponse(data=questions).model_dump(mode="json")

api/controllers/web/saved_message.py

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ class SavedMessageListApi(WebApiResource):
                 actor=SavedMessageActor.end_user(end_user.id),
                 message_id=payload.message_id,
             )
-        except MessageNotExistsError:
-            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.")
+        except MessageNotExistsError as caught_error:
+            raise NotFound("Message Not Exists.") from caught_error
 
         return ResultResponse(result="success").model_dump(mode="json")
 

api/controllers/web/workflow.py

@@ -92,23 +92,23 @@ class WorkflowRunApi(WebApiResource):
 
             # response-contract:ignore compact_generate_response
             return helper.compact_generate_response(response)
-        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError:
-            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError()
+        except TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableServiceError as caught_error:
+            raise TriggerWorkflowServiceModeUnavailableError() from caught_error
         except ProviderTokenNotInitError as ex:
-            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description)
-        except QuotaExceededError:
-            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError()
-        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError:
-            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError()
+            raise ProviderNotInitializeError(ex.description) from ex
+        except QuotaExceededError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderQuotaExceededError() from caught_error
+        except ModelCurrentlyNotSupportError as caught_error:
+            raise ProviderModelCurrentlyNotSupportError() from caught_error
         except InvokeError as e:
-            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description)
+            raise CompletionRequestError(e.description) from e
         except InvokeRateLimitError as ex:
-            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description)
+            raise InvokeRateLimitHttpError(ex.description) from ex
         except ValueError as e:
             raise e
-        except Exception:
+        except Exception as caught_error:
             logger.exception("internal server error.")
-            raise InternalServerError()
+            raise InternalServerError() from caught_error
 
 
 @web_ns.route("/workflows/tasks/<string:task_id>/stop")

api/controllers/web/wraps.py

@@ -104,16 +104,16 @@ def decode_jwt_token(app_code: str | None = None, user_id: str | None = None) ->
     except Unauthorized as e:
         if webapp_auth_enabled:
             if not app_code:
-                raise Unauthorized("Please re-login to access the web app.")
+                raise Unauthorized("Please re-login to access the web app.") from e
             app_id = resolve_web_app_id(app_code)
             app_web_auth_enabled = (
                 EnterpriseService.WebAppAuth.get_app_access_mode_by_id(app_id=app_id).access_mode
                 != WebAppAccessMode.PUBLIC
             )
             if app_web_auth_enabled:
-                raise WebAppAuthRequiredError()
+                raise WebAppAuthRequiredError() from e
 
-        raise Unauthorized(e.description)
+        raise Unauthorized(e.description) from e
 
 
 def _validate_webapp_token(decoded, app_web_auth_enabled: bool, system_webapp_auth_enabled: bool):

api/core/app/app_config/easy_ui_based_app/dataset/manager.py

@@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ class DatasetConfigManager:
 
                     try:
                         uuid.UUID(tool_item["id"])
-                    except ValueError:
-                        raise ValueError("id in dataset must be of UUID type")
+                    except ValueError as caught_error:
+                        raise ValueError("id in dataset must be of UUID type") from caught_error
 
                     if not cls.is_dataset_exists(tenant_id, tool_item["id"], session):
                         raise ValueError("Dataset ID does not exist, please check your permission.")

api/core/app/app_config/features/more_like_this/manager.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MoreLikeThisConfigManager:
     def validate_and_set_defaults(cls, config: dict[str, Any]) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], list[str]]:
         try:
             return AppConfigModel.model_validate(config).model_dump(), ["more_like_this"]
-        except ValidationError:
+        except ValidationError as caught_error:
             raise ValueError(
                 "more_like_this must be of dict type and enabled in more_like_this must be of boolean type"
-            )
+            ) from caught_error

api/core/app/apps/advanced_chat/app_generator.py

@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ class AdvancedChatAppGenerator(MessageBasedAppGenerator):
             return generate_task_pipeline.process()
         except ValueError as e:
             if len(e.args) > 0 and e.args[0] == "I/O operation on closed file.":  # ignore this error
-                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError()
+                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError() from e
             else:
                 logger.exception("Failed to process generate task pipeline, conversation_id: %s", conversation.id)
                 raise e

api/core/app/apps/agent_chat/app_config_manager.py

@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ class AgentChatAppConfigManager(BaseAppConfigManager):
 
                     try:
                         uuid.UUID(tool_item["id"])
-                    except ValueError:
-                        raise ValueError("id in dataset must be of UUID type")
+                    except ValueError as caught_error:
+                        raise ValueError("id in dataset must be of UUID type") from caught_error
 
                     if not DatasetConfigManager.is_dataset_exists(tenant_id, tool_item["id"], session):
                         raise ValueError("Dataset ID does not exist, please check your permission.")

api/core/app/apps/base_app_generator.py

@@ -250,8 +250,10 @@ class BaseAppGenerator:
                             return float(value)
                         else:
                             return int(value)
-                    except ValueError:
-                        raise ValueError(f"{variable_entity.variable} in input form must be a valid number")
+                    except ValueError as caught_error:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"{variable_entity.variable} in input form must be a valid number"
+                        ) from caught_error
                 case _:
                     raise TypeError(f"expected value type int, float or str, got {type(value)}, value: {value}")
 

api/core/app/apps/message_based_app_generator.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MessageBasedAppGenerator(BaseAppGenerator):
             return generate_task_pipeline.process()
         except ValueError as e:
             if len(e.args) > 0 and e.args[0] == "I/O operation on closed file.":  # ignore this error
-                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError()
+                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError() from e
             else:
                 logger.exception("Failed to handle response, conversation_id: %s", conversation.id)
                 raise e

api/core/app/apps/pipeline/pipeline_generator.py

@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ class PipelineGenerator(BaseAppGenerator):
             return generate_task_pipeline.process()
         except ValueError as e:
             if len(e.args) > 0 and e.args[0] == "I/O operation on closed file.":  # ignore this error
-                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError()
+                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError() from e
             else:
                 logger.exception(
                     "Fails to process generate task pipeline, task_id: %r",

api/core/app/apps/workflow/app_generator.py

@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ class WorkflowAppGenerator(BaseAppGenerator):
             return generate_task_pipeline.process()
         except ValueError as e:
             if len(e.args) > 0 and e.args[0] == "I/O operation on closed file.":  # ignore this error
-                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError()
+                raise GenerateTaskStoppedError() from e
             else:
                 logger.exception(
                     "Fails to process generate task pipeline, task_id: %s", application_generate_entity.task_id

api/core/datasource/datasource_file_manager.py

@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ class DatasourceFileManager:
             response = remote_fetcher.make_request("GET", file_url)
             response.raise_for_status()
             blob = response.content
-        except httpx.TimeoutException:
-            raise ValueError(f"timeout when downloading file from {file_url}")
+        except httpx.TimeoutException as caught_error:
+            raise ValueError(f"timeout when downloading file from {file_url}") from caught_error
 
         mimetype = (
             guess_type(file_url)[0]

api/core/external_data_tool/api/api.py

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class ApiExternalDataTool(ExternalDataTool):
             # request api
             requestor = APIBasedExtensionRequestor(api_endpoint=api_based_extension.api_endpoint, api_key=api_key)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"[External data tool] API query failed, variable: {self.variable}, error: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"[External data tool] API query failed, variable: {self.variable}, error: {e}") from e
 
         response_json = requestor.request(
             point=APIBasedExtensionPoint.APP_EXTERNAL_DATA_TOOL_QUERY,

api/core/helper/code_executor/code_executor.py

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class CodeExecutor:
                 "Failed to execute code, which is likely a network issue,"
                 " please check if the sandbox service is running."
                 f" ( Error: {str(e)} )"
-            )
+            ) from e
 
         try:
             response_data = response.json()

api/core/helper/code_executor/template_transformer.py

@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ class TemplateTransformer(ABC):
             result_str = cls.extract_result_str_from_response(response)
             result = json.loads(result_str)
         except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse JSON response: {str(e)}.")
+            raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse JSON response: {str(e)}.") from e
         except ValueError as e:
             # Re-raise ValueError from extract_result_str_from_response
             raise e
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected error during response transformation: {str(e)}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected error during response transformation: {str(e)}") from e
 
         if not isinstance(result, dict):
             raise ValueError(f"Result must be a dict, got {type(result).__name__}")

api/core/helper/moderation.py

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ def check_moderation(tenant_id: str, model_config: ModelConfigWithCredentialsEnt
 
                 if moderation_result is True:
                     return True
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception as caught_error:
                 logger.exception("Fails to check moderation, provider_name: %s", provider_name)
-                raise InvokeBadRequestError("Rate limit exceeded, please try again later.")
+                raise InvokeBadRequestError("Rate limit exceeded, please try again later.") from caught_error
 
     return False

api/core/llm_generator/output_parser/rule_config_generator.py

@@ -27,4 +27,6 @@ class RuleConfigGeneratorOutputParser:
                 raise ValueError("Expected 'opening_statement' to be a str.")
             return parsed
         except Exception as e:
-            raise OutputParserError(f"Parsing text\n{text}\n of rule config generator raised following error:\n{e}")
+            raise OutputParserError(
+                f"Parsing text\n{text}\n of rule config generator raised following error:\n{e}"
+            ) from e

api/core/llm_generator/output_parser/structured_output.py

@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ def _parse_structured_output(result_text: str) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
         if not isinstance(parsed, dict):
             raise OutputParserError(f"Failed to parse structured output: {result_text}")
         structured_output = parsed
-    except ValidationError:
+    except ValidationError as caught_error:
         # if the result_text is not a valid json, try to repair it
         temp_parsed = json_repair.loads(result_text)
         if isinstance(temp_parsed, list) and result_text.lstrip().lower().startswith("<think"):
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def _parse_structured_output(result_text: str) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
                 # handle reasoning model like deepseek-r1 got '<think>\n\n</think>\n' prefix
                 temp_parsed = next((item for item in temp_parsed if isinstance(item, dict)), {})
             case _:
-                raise OutputParserError(f"Failed to parse structured output: {result_text}")
+                raise OutputParserError(f"Failed to parse structured output: {result_text}") from caught_error
         structured_output = cast(dict, temp_parsed)
     return structured_output
 

api/core/mcp/auth/auth_flow.py

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def _retrieve_redis_state(state_key: str) -> OAuthCallbackState:
 
         return oauth_state
     except ValidationError as e:
-        raise ValueError(f"Invalid state parameter: {str(e)}")
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid state parameter: {str(e)}") from e
 
 
 def handle_callback(state_key: str, authorization_code: str) -> tuple[OAuthCallbackState, OAuthTokens]:
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ def auth(
         try:
             full_information = register_client(server_url, server_metadata, client_metadata)
         except RequestError as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Could not register OAuth client: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not register OAuth client: {e}") from e
 
         # Return action to save client information
         actions.append(
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ def auth(
             # RequestError: HTTP request failed
             # ValueError: Invalid response data
             # KeyError: Missing required fields in response
-            raise ValueError(f"Client credentials flow failed: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Client credentials flow failed: {e}") from e
 
     # Exchange authorization code for tokens (Authorization Code flow)
     if authorization_code is not None:
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ def auth(
                 raise ValueError("Missing code_verifier or redirect_uri in state data")
 
         except (json.JSONDecodeError, ValueError) as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid state parameter: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid state parameter: {e}") from e
 
         tokens = exchange_authorization(
             server_url,
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ def auth(
             # RequestError: HTTP request failed
             # ValueError: Invalid response data
             # KeyError: Missing required fields in response
-            raise ValueError(f"Could not refresh OAuth tokens: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not refresh OAuth tokens: {e}") from e
 
     # Start new authorization flow (only for authorization code flow)
     authorization_url, code_verifier = start_authorization(

api/core/mcp/client/sse_client.py

@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ class SSETransport:
         """
         try:
             status = status_queue.get(timeout=1)
-        except queue.Empty:
-            raise ValueError("failed to get endpoint URL")
+        except queue.Empty as caught_error:
+            raise ValueError("failed to get endpoint URL") from caught_error
 
         match status:
             case _StatusReady():
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ def sse_client(
 
     except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
         if exc.response.status_code == 401:
-            raise MCPAuthError(response=exc.response)
-        raise MCPConnectionError()
+            raise MCPAuthError(response=exc.response) from exc
+        raise MCPConnectionError() from exc
     except httpx.RequestError as exc:
         # Transport-level failures (refused connection, DNS, protocol errors, timeouts)
         # must keep the MCP error contract: MCPClient only falls back to streamable

api/core/mcp/mcp_client.py

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class MCPClient:
             self._exit_stack.close()
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception("Error during cleanup")
-            raise ValueError(f"Error during cleanup: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Error during cleanup: {e}") from e
         finally:
             self._session = None
             self._initialized = False

api/core/plugin/impl/base.py

@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ class BasePluginClient:
 
         try:
             response = _httpx_client.request(**request_kwargs)
-        except httpx.RequestError:
+        except httpx.RequestError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("Request to Plugin Daemon Service failed")
-            raise PluginDaemonInnerError(code=-500, message="Request to Plugin Daemon Service failed")
+            raise PluginDaemonInnerError(code=-500, message="Request to Plugin Daemon Service failed") from caught_error
 
         return response
 
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ class BasePluginClient:
                         line = line[5:].strip()
                     if line:
                         yield line
-        except httpx.RequestError:
+        except httpx.RequestError as caught_error:
             logger.exception("Stream request to Plugin Daemon Service failed")
-            raise PluginDaemonInnerError(code=-500, message="Request to Plugin Daemon Service failed")
+            raise PluginDaemonInnerError(code=-500, message="Request to Plugin Daemon Service failed") from caught_error
 
     def _stream_request_with_model[T: BaseModel | dict[str, Any] | list[Any] | bool | str](
         self,
@@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ class BasePluginClient:
         except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
             logger.exception("Failed to request plugin daemon, status: %s, url: %s", e.response.status_code, path)
             if e.response.status_code < 500:
-                raise PluginDaemonClientSideError(description=str(e))
+                raise PluginDaemonClientSideError(description=str(e)) from e
             else:
-                raise PluginDaemonInternalServerError(description=str(e))
+                raise PluginDaemonInternalServerError(description=str(e)) from e
         except Exception as e:
             msg = f"Failed to request plugin daemon, url: {path}"
             logger.exception("Failed to request plugin daemon, url: %s", path)
@@ -362,16 +362,16 @@ class BasePluginClient:
         for line in self._stream_request(method, path, params, headers, data, files):
             try:
                 rep = PluginDaemonBasicResponse[type_].model_validate_json(line)  # type: ignore
-            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            except (ValueError, TypeError) as caught_error:
                 # TODO modify this when line_data has code and message
                 try:
                     line_data = json.loads(line)
-                except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                    raise ValueError(line)
+                except (ValueError, TypeError) as caught_error_inner:
+                    raise ValueError(line) from caught_error_inner
                 # If the dictionary contains the `error` key, use its value as the argument
                 # for `ValueError`.
                 # Otherwise, use the `line` to provide better contextual information about the error.
-                raise ValueError(line_data.get("error", line))
+                raise ValueError(line_data.get("error", line)) from caught_error
 
             if rep.code != 0:
                 if rep.code == -500:

api/core/plugin/impl/model.py

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class PluginModelClient(BasePluginClient):
         try:
             yield from response
         except PluginDaemonInnerError as e:
-            raise ValueError(e.message + str(e.code))
+            raise ValueError(e.message + str(e.code)) from e
 
     def start_llm_polling(
         self,
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ class PluginModelClient(BasePluginClient):
                 hex_str = result.result
                 yield TTSAudioChunk(binascii.unhexlify(hex_str), mime_type=result.mime_type)
         except PluginDaemonInnerError as e:
-            raise ValueError(e.message + str(e.code))
+            raise ValueError(e.message + str(e.code)) from e
 
     def get_tts_model_voices(
         self,

api/core/plugin/impl/oauth.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class OAuthHandler(BasePluginClient):
                 return resp
             raise ValueError("No response received from plugin daemon for authorization URL request.")
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Error getting authorization URL: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Error getting authorization URL: {e}") from e
 
     def get_credentials(
         self,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class OAuthHandler(BasePluginClient):
                 return resp
             raise ValueError("No response received from plugin daemon for authorization URL request.")
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Error getting credentials: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Error getting credentials: {e}") from e
 
     def refresh_credentials(
         self,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class OAuthHandler(BasePluginClient):
                 return resp
             raise ValueError("No response received from plugin daemon for refresh credentials request.")
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Error refreshing credentials: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Error refreshing credentials: {e}") from e
 
     def _convert_request_to_raw_data(self, request: Request) -> bytes:
         """

api/core/rag/extractor/firecrawl/firecrawl_app.py

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class FirecrawlApp:
                             storage.delete(file_key)
                         storage.save(file_key, json.dumps(url_data_list).encode("utf-8"))
                     except Exception as e:
-                        raise Exception(f"Error saving crawl data: {e}")
+                        raise Exception(f"Error saving crawl data: {e}") from e
                 return self._format_crawl_status_response("completed", crawl_status_response, url_data_list)
             else:
                 return self._format_crawl_status_response(

api/core/rag/extractor/helpers.py

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ def detect_file_encodings(file_path: str, timeout: int = 5, sample_size: int = 1
         future = executor.submit(read_and_detect, file_path)
         try:
             encodings = future.result(timeout=timeout)
-        except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
-            raise TimeoutError(f"Timeout reached while detecting encoding for {file_path}")
+        except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError as caught_error:
+            raise TimeoutError(f"Timeout reached while detecting encoding for {file_path}") from caught_error
 
     if all(encoding.encoding is None for encoding in encodings):
         raise RuntimeError(f"Could not detect encoding for {file_path}")

api/core/rag/extractor/text_extractor.py

@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ class TextExtractor(BaseExtractor):
                         f"Decode failed: {self._file_path}, all detected encodings failed. Original error: {e}"
                     )
             else:
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Decode failed: {self._file_path}, specified encoding failed. Original error: {e}")
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Decode failed: {self._file_path}, specified encoding failed. Original error: {e}"
+                ) from e
         except Exception as e:
             raise RuntimeError(f"Error loading {self._file_path}") from e
 

api/core/rag/index_processor/processor/qa_index_processor.py

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class QAIndexProcessor(BaseIndexProcessor):
                 raise ValueError("The CSV file is empty.")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(str(e))
+            raise ValueError(str(e)) from e
         return text_docs
 
     @override

api/core/rag/splitter/text_splitter.py

@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ class TextSplitter(BaseDocumentTransformer, ABC):
             def _huggingface_tokenizer_length(text: str) -> int:
                 return len(tokenizer.encode(text))
 
-        except ImportError:
+        except ImportError as caught_error:
             raise ValueError(
                 "Could not import transformers python package. Please install it with `pip install transformers`."
-            )
+            ) from caught_error
         return cls(length_function=lambda x: [_huggingface_tokenizer_length(text) for text in x], **kwargs)
 
     @override
@@ -198,12 +198,12 @@ class TokenTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         try:
             import tiktoken
-        except ImportError:
+        except ImportError as caught_error:
             raise ImportError(
                 "Could not import tiktoken python package. "
                 "This is needed in order to for TokenTextSplitter. "
                 "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."
-            )
+            ) from caught_error
 
         if model_name is not None:
             enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model_name)

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/provider.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class BuiltinToolProviderController(ToolProviderController[ToolProviderEntity, B
         try:
             provider_yaml = load_yaml_file_cached(yaml_path)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"can not load provider yaml for {provider}: {e}")
+            raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"can not load provider yaml for {provider}: {e}") from e
 
         if "credentials_for_provider" in provider_yaml and provider_yaml["credentials_for_provider"] is not None:
             # set credentials name

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/providers/code/tools/simple_code.py

@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ class SimpleCode(BuiltinTool):
             result = CodeExecutor.execute_code(language, "", code)
             yield self.create_text_message(result)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e))
+            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e)) from e

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/providers/time/tools/localtime_to_timestamp.py

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ class LocaltimeToTimestampTool(BuiltinTool):
             timestamp = int(converted_localtime.timestamp())
             return timestamp
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e))
+            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e)) from e

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/providers/time/tools/timestamp_to_localtime.py

@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ class TimestampToLocaltimeTool(BuiltinTool):
             local_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, local_tz)
             return local_time
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e))
+            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e)) from e

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/providers/time/tools/timezone_conversion.py

@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ class TimezoneConversionTool(BuiltinTool):
             converted_datetime = datetime_with_tz.astimezone(output_timezone)
             return converted_datetime.strftime(time_format)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e))
+            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e)) from e

api/core/tools/builtin_tool/providers/webscraper/tools/webscraper.py

@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ class WebscraperTool(BuiltinTool):
                 # return full webpage
                 yield self.create_text_message(result)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e))
+            raise ToolInvokeError(str(e)) from e

api/core/tools/tool_engine.py

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class ToolEngine:
             yield from tool.invoke(session, user_id, tool_parameters, conversation_id, app_id, message_id)
         except Exception as e:
             meta.error = str(e)
-            raise ToolEngineInvokeError(meta)
+            raise ToolEngineInvokeError(meta) from e
         finally:
             ended_at = datetime.now(UTC)
             meta.time_cost = (ended_at - started_at).total_seconds()

api/core/tools/tool_file_manager.py

@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ class ToolFileManager:
             response = remote_fetcher.make_request("GET", file_url)
             response.raise_for_status()
             blob = response.content
-        except httpx.TimeoutException:
-            raise ValueError(f"timeout when downloading file from {file_url}")
+        except httpx.TimeoutException as caught_error:
+            raise ValueError(f"timeout when downloading file from {file_url}") from caught_error
 
         mimetype = (
             guess_type(file_url)[0]

api/core/tools/tool_manager.py

@@ -891,8 +891,8 @@ class ToolManager:
                 provider = mcp_service.get_provider_by_persisted_reference(
                     id_or_server_identifier=provider_id, tenant_id=tenant_id
                 )
-            except ValueError:
-                raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"mcp provider {provider_id} not found")
+            except ValueError as caught_error:
+                raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"mcp provider {provider_id} not found") from caught_error
 
         controller = MCPToolProviderController.from_db(provider)
 
@@ -1044,8 +1044,8 @@ class ToolManager:
                         id_or_server_identifier=provider_id, tenant_id=tenant_id
                     )
                     return cast(EmojiIconDict | str, mcp_provider.provider_icon)
-                except ValueError:
-                    raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"mcp provider {provider_id} not found")
+                except ValueError as caught_error:
+                    raise ToolProviderNotFoundError(f"mcp provider {provider_id} not found") from caught_error
         except Exception:
             return {"background": "#252525", "content": "\ud83d\ude01"}
 

api/core/tools/utils/model_invocation_utils.py

@@ -149,17 +149,17 @@ class ModelInvocationUtils:
                 callbacks=[],
             )
         except InvokeRateLimitError as e:
-            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke rate limit error: {e}")
+            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke rate limit error: {e}") from e
         except InvokeBadRequestError as e:
-            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke bad request error: {e}")
+            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke bad request error: {e}") from e
         except InvokeConnectionError as e:
-            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke connection error: {e}")
-        except InvokeAuthorizationError:
-            raise InvokeModelError("Invoke authorization error")
+            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke connection error: {e}") from e
+        except InvokeAuthorizationError as e:
+            raise InvokeModelError("Invoke authorization error") from e
         except InvokeServerUnavailableError as e:
-            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke server unavailable error: {e}")
+            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke server unavailable error: {e}") from e
         except Exception as e:
-            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke error: {e}")
+            raise InvokeModelError(f"Invoke error: {e}") from e
 
         # update tool model invoke
         tool_model_invoke.model_response = str(response.message.content)

api/core/tools/utils/parser.py

@@ -369,8 +369,8 @@ class ApiBasedToolSchemaParser:
             api = openai_plugin["api"]
             api_url = api["url"]
             api_type = api["type"]
-        except JSONDecodeError:
-            raise ToolProviderNotFoundError("Invalid openai plugin json.")
+        except JSONDecodeError as caught_error:
+            raise ToolProviderNotFoundError("Invalid openai plugin json.") from caught_error
 
         if api_type != "openapi":
             raise ToolNotSupportedError("Only openapi is supported now.")

api/core/workflow/workflow_entry.py

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class WorkflowEntry:
                 node.node_type,
                 node.version(),
             )
-            raise WorkflowNodeRunFailedError(node=node, err_msg=str(e))
+            raise WorkflowNodeRunFailedError(node=node, err_msg=str(e)) from e
         return node, generator
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class WorkflowEntry:
                 node.node_type,
                 node.version(),
             )
-            raise WorkflowNodeRunFailedError(node=node, err_msg=str(e))
+            raise WorkflowNodeRunFailedError(node=node, err_msg=str(e)) from e
 
     @staticmethod
     def handle_special_values(value: Mapping[str, Any] | None) -> Mapping[str, Any] | None:

api/extensions/storage/aws_s3_storage.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class AwsS3Storage(BaseStorage):
             data: bytes = self.client.get_object(Bucket=self.bucket_name, Key=filename)["Body"].read()
         except ClientError as ex:
             if ex.response.get("Error", {}).get("Code") == "NoSuchKey":
-                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found")
+                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found") from ex
             else:
                 raise
         return data
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ class AwsS3Storage(BaseStorage):
             yield from response["Body"].iter_chunks()
         except ClientError as ex:
             if ex.response.get("Error", {}).get("Code") == "NoSuchKey":
-                raise FileNotFoundError("file not found")
+                raise FileNotFoundError("file not found") from ex
             elif "reached max retries" in str(ex):
-                raise ValueError("please do not request the same file too frequently")
+                raise ValueError("please do not request the same file too frequently") from ex
             else:
                 raise
 

api/extensions/storage/oracle_oci_storage.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class OracleOCIStorage(BaseStorage):
             data: bytes = self.client.get_object(Bucket=self.bucket_name, Key=filename)["Body"].read()
         except ClientError as ex:
             if ex.response.get("Error", {}).get("Code") == "NoSuchKey":
-                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found")
+                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found") from ex
             else:
                 raise
         return data
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class OracleOCIStorage(BaseStorage):
             yield from response["Body"].iter_chunks()
         except ClientError as ex:
             if ex.response.get("Error", {}).get("Code") == "NoSuchKey":
-                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found")
+                raise FileNotFoundError("File not found") from ex
             else:
                 raise
 

api/libs/archive_storage.py

@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ class ArchiveStorage:
         except ClientError as e:
             error_code = e.response.get("Error", {}).get("Code")
             if error_code == "404":
-                raise ArchiveStorageNotConfiguredError(f"Archive bucket '{self.bucket}' does not exist")
+                raise ArchiveStorageNotConfiguredError(f"Archive bucket '{self.bucket}' does not exist") from e
             elif error_code == "403":
-                raise ArchiveStorageNotConfiguredError(f"Access denied to archive bucket '{self.bucket}'")
+                raise ArchiveStorageNotConfiguredError(f"Access denied to archive bucket '{self.bucket}'") from e
             else:
-                raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to access archive bucket: {e}")
+                raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to access archive bucket: {e}") from e
 
     def put_object(self, key: str, data: bytes) -> str:
         """
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class ArchiveStorage:
             logger.debug("Uploaded object: %s (size=%d, checksum=%s)", key, len(data), checksum)
             return checksum
         except ClientError as e:
-            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to upload object '{key}': {e}")
+            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to upload object '{key}': {e}") from e
 
     def get_object(self, key: str) -> bytes:
         """
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class ArchiveStorage:
                 ExpiresIn=expires_in,
             )
         except ClientError as e:
-            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to generate pre-signed URL for '{key}': {e}")
+            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to generate pre-signed URL for '{key}': {e}") from e
 
     def list_objects(self, prefix: str) -> list[str]:
         """
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class ArchiveStorage:
                 for obj in page.get("Contents", []):
                     keys.append(obj["Key"])
         except ClientError as e:
-            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to list objects with prefix '{prefix}': {e}")
+            raise ArchiveStorageError(f"Failed to list objects with prefix '{prefix}': {e}") from e
 
         return keys
 

api/libs/datetime_utils.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def parse_time_range(
         try:
             dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(time_str, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M").replace(second=0)
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {label} time format: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {label} time format: {e}") from e
 
         try:
             return tz.localize(dt, is_dst=None).astimezone(utc)

api/libs/helper.py

@@ -250,9 +250,9 @@ def uuid_value(value: str | UUID) -> str:
     try:
         uuid_obj = uuid.UUID(value)
         return str(uuid_obj)
-    except ValueError:
+    except ValueError as caught_error:
         error = f"{value} is not a valid uuid."
-        raise ValueError(error)
+        raise ValueError(error) from caught_error
 
 
 def normalize_uuid(value: str | UUID) -> str:
@@ -314,9 +314,9 @@ def timestamp_value(timestamp):
         if int_timestamp < 0:
             raise ValueError
         return int_timestamp
-    except ValueError:
+    except ValueError as caught_error:
         error = f"{timestamp} is not a valid timestamp."
-        raise ValueError(error)
+        raise ValueError(error) from caught_error
 
 
 class StrLen:
@@ -343,9 +343,9 @@ class DatetimeString:
     def __call__(self, value):
         try:
             datetime.strptime(value, self.format)
-        except ValueError:
+        except ValueError as caught_error:
             error = f"Invalid {self.argument}: {value}. {self.argument} must be conform to the format {self.format}"
-            raise ValueError(error)
+            raise ValueError(error) from caught_error
 
         return value
 

api/libs/json_in_md_parser.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def parse_and_check_json_markdown(text: str, expected_keys: list[str]):
     try:
         json_obj = parse_json_markdown(text)
     except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-        raise OutputParserError(f"got invalid json object. error: {e}")
+        raise OutputParserError(f"got invalid json object. error: {e}") from e
 
     if isinstance(json_obj, list):
         if len(json_obj) == 1 and isinstance(json_obj[0], dict):

api/libs/passport.py

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ class PassportService:
     def verify(self, token):
         try:
             return jwt.decode(token, self.sk, algorithms=["HS256"])
-        except jwt.ExpiredSignatureError:
-            raise Unauthorized("Token has expired.")
-        except jwt.InvalidSignatureError:
-            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token signature.")
-        except jwt.DecodeError:
-            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token.")
-        except jwt.PyJWTError:  # Catch-all for other JWT errors
-            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token.")
+        except jwt.ExpiredSignatureError as caught_error:
+            raise Unauthorized("Token has expired.") from caught_error
+        except jwt.InvalidSignatureError as caught_error:
+            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token signature.") from caught_error
+        except jwt.DecodeError as caught_error:
+            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token.") from caught_error
+        except jwt.PyJWTError as caught_error:  # Catch-all for other JWT errors
+            raise Unauthorized("Invalid token.") from caught_error

api/libs/rsa.py

@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ def get_decrypt_decoding(tenant_id: str) -> tuple[RSA.RsaKey, object]:
     if not private_key:
         try:
             private_key = storage.load(filepath)
-        except FileNotFoundError:
-            raise PrivkeyNotFoundError(f"Private key not found, tenant_id: {tenant_id}")
+        except FileNotFoundError as caught_error:
+            raise PrivkeyNotFoundError(f"Private key not found, tenant_id: {tenant_id}") from caught_error
 
         redis_client.setex(cache_key, 120, private_key)
 

api/libs/schedule_utils.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def convert_12h_to_24h(time_str: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
         hour = int(time_parts[0])
         minute = int(time_parts[1])
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise ValueError(f"Invalid time values: {e}")
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid time values: {e}") from e
 
     if hour < 1 or hour > 12:
         raise ValueError(f"Invalid hour: {hour}. Must be between 1 and 12")

api/libs/zip_filename_recovery.py

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def open_zip_with_replacement_names(content: bytes) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
         if flags & _UTF8_FLAG:
             try:
                 raw_name.decode("utf-8")
-            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            except UnicodeDecodeError as caught_error:
                 extra_start = name_start + name_size
                 local_offset = (
                     _local_header_offset(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def open_zip_with_replacement_names(content: bytes) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
                     + directory.prefix_size
                 )
                 if local_offset < 0 or local_offset + _LOCAL_HEADER.size > directory.start:
-                    raise zipfile.BadZipFile("Invalid ZIP local header offset")
+                    raise zipfile.BadZipFile("Invalid ZIP local header offset") from caught_error
                 local = _LOCAL_HEADER.unpack_from(content, local_offset)
                 local_name_start = local_offset + _LOCAL_HEADER.size
                 if (
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def open_zip_with_replacement_names(content: bytes) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
                     or content[local_name_start : local_name_start + local[9]] != raw_name
                     or not local[2] & _UTF8_FLAG
                 ):
-                    raise zipfile.BadZipFile("ZIP local and directory names differ")
+                    raise zipfile.BadZipFile("ZIP local and directory names differ") from caught_error
                 struct.pack_into("<H", patched, cursor + 8, flags & ~_UTF8_FLAG)
                 struct.pack_into("<H", patched, local_offset + 6, local[2] & ~_UTF8_FLAG)
                 recovered[index] = raw_name.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")

api/models/workflow.py

@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ class Workflow(Base):  # bug
 
         try:
             node_config: dict[str, Any] = next(filter(lambda node: node["id"] == node_id, nodes))
-        except StopIteration:
-            raise NodeNotFoundError(node_id)
+        except StopIteration as caught_error:
+            raise NodeNotFoundError(node_id) from caught_error
         return NodeConfigDictAdapter.validate_python(adapt_node_config_for_graph(node_config))
 
     @staticmethod

api/providers/trace/trace-aliyun/src/dify_trace_aliyun/aliyun_trace.py

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class AliyunDataTrace(BaseTraceInstance):
             return self.trace_client.get_project_url()
         except Exception as e:
             logger.info("Aliyun get project url failed: %s", str(e), exc_info=True)
-            raise ValueError(f"Aliyun get project url failed: {str(e)}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Aliyun get project url failed: {str(e)}") from e
 
     def _extract_app_id(self, trace_info: BaseTraceInfo) -> str:
         """Extract app_id from trace_info, trying metadata first then message_data."""